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Life expectancy estimates that describe the population as a whole suffer from a lack of reliable evidence gathered from the earliest centuries.
In a 2010 article published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences gerontologist and evolutionary biologist Caleb Finch describes the average life spans in ancient Greek and Roman times as short at approximately of 20 to 35 years, though he laments these numbers are based on “notoriously unrepresentative” graveyard epitaphs and samples.
Moving forward along the historic timeline, Finch lists the challenges of deducing historic life spans and causes of death in this information vacuum. As a kind of research compromise, he and other evolution experts suggest a reasonable comparison can be made with demographic data from pre-industrial Sweden (mid-18th century) and certain contemporary, small, hunter-gatherer societies in countries like Venezuela and Brazil.
Finch writes that judging by this data the main causes of death during these early centuries would most certainly have been infections, whether from infectious diseases or infected wounds resulting from accidents or fighting. Unhygienic living conditions and little access to effective medical care meant life expectancy was likely limited to about 35 years of age.
That’s life expectancy at birth, a figure dramatically influenced by infant mortality - pegged at the time as high as 30 percent.
It does not mean that the average person living in 1200 A.D. died at the age of 35. Rather, for every child that died in infancy, another person might have lived to see their 70th birthday. Early years up to the age of about 15 continued to be perilous, thanks to risks posed by disease, injuries, and accidents. People who survived this hazardous period of life could well make it into old age.
Other infectious diseases like cholera, tuberculosis, and smallpox would go on to limit longevity, but none on a scale quite as damaging of the bubonic plague in the 14th century. The Black Plague moved through Asia and Europe, and wiped out as much as a third of Europe’s population, temporarily shifting life expectancy downward.
35. The passage mainly discusses _______.
A. what to consider to estimate humans' life expectancy in early centuries
B. how difficult it is to estimate humans' life expectancy in the early centuries
C. the challenges that humans' life expectancy estimates have been facing
D. the factors affecting the accuracy of humans' life expectancy estimates
36. The word "laments" in the passage is closest in meaning to _______.
A. to be doubtful about B. to be contented with
C. to be dissatisfied with D. to be confident in
37. Which of the following was Caleb Finch NOT likely to do according to the passage?
A. He collected information about ancient Greece and Romance's average lifespan.
B. He suggested making a comparison with demographic data on historic life spans.
C. He assumed that infections would have been the main causes during the early centuries.
D. He listed the challenges of deducing historic life spans in the early centuries.
38. The phrase "information vacuum" in the passage most likely refers to the fact that _______.
A. the information gathered lacks meaning
B. the information analyzed indicates nothing
C. the information collected is theoretical
D. the information collected is of low value
39. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of low life expectancy in the early centuries?
A. Infections B. Little access to effective medical care
C. Unhygienic living conditions D. Civil wars
40. The word "perilous" in the passage is closest in meaning to _______.
A. death-causing B. full of risk
C. staying healthy D. being infected with diseases
41. Which of the following was mentioned as the biggest cause of low life expectancy in 14th century Europe?
A. cholera B. tuberculosis C. smallpox D. plague
42. The word "wiped out" in the passage is closest in meaning to _______.
A. destroyed B. killed C. attacked D. bit
In a 2010 article published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences gerontologist and evolutionary biologist Caleb Finch describes the average life spans in ancient Greek and Roman times as short at approximately of 20 to 35 years, though he laments these numbers are based on “notoriously unrepresentative” graveyard epitaphs and samples.
Moving forward along the historic timeline, Finch lists the challenges of deducing historic life spans and causes of death in this information vacuum. As a kind of research compromise, he and other evolution experts suggest a reasonable comparison can be made with demographic data from pre-industrial Sweden (mid-18th century) and certain contemporary, small, hunter-gatherer societies in countries like Venezuela and Brazil.
Finch writes that judging by this data the main causes of death during these early centuries would most certainly have been infections, whether from infectious diseases or infected wounds resulting from accidents or fighting. Unhygienic living conditions and little access to effective medical care meant life expectancy was likely limited to about 35 years of age.
That’s life expectancy at birth, a figure dramatically influenced by infant mortality - pegged at the time as high as 30 percent.
It does not mean that the average person living in 1200 A.D. died at the age of 35. Rather, for every child that died in infancy, another person might have lived to see their 70th birthday. Early years up to the age of about 15 continued to be perilous, thanks to risks posed by disease, injuries, and accidents. People who survived this hazardous period of life could well make it into old age.
Other infectious diseases like cholera, tuberculosis, and smallpox would go on to limit longevity, but none on a scale quite as damaging of the bubonic plague in the 14th century. The Black Plague moved through Asia and Europe, and wiped out as much as a third of Europe’s population, temporarily shifting life expectancy downward.
35. The passage mainly discusses _______.
A. what to consider to estimate humans' life expectancy in early centuries
B. how difficult it is to estimate humans' life expectancy in the early centuries
C. the challenges that humans' life expectancy estimates have been facing
D. the factors affecting the accuracy of humans' life expectancy estimates
36. The word "laments" in the passage is closest in meaning to _______.
A. to be doubtful about B. to be contented with
C. to be dissatisfied with D. to be confident in
37. Which of the following was Caleb Finch NOT likely to do according to the passage?
A. He collected information about ancient Greece and Romance's average lifespan.
B. He suggested making a comparison with demographic data on historic life spans.
C. He assumed that infections would have been the main causes during the early centuries.
D. He listed the challenges of deducing historic life spans in the early centuries.
38. The phrase "information vacuum" in the passage most likely refers to the fact that _______.
A. the information gathered lacks meaning
B. the information analyzed indicates nothing
C. the information collected is theoretical
D. the information collected is of low value
39. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of low life expectancy in the early centuries?
A. Infections B. Little access to effective medical care
C. Unhygienic living conditions D. Civil wars
40. The word "perilous" in the passage is closest in meaning to _______.
A. death-causing B. full of risk
C. staying healthy D. being infected with diseases
41. Which of the following was mentioned as the biggest cause of low life expectancy in 14th century Europe?
A. cholera B. tuberculosis C. smallpox D. plague
42. The word "wiped out" in the passage is closest in meaning to _______.
A. destroyed B. killed C. attacked D. bit
