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Read the following passage and answer questions 1-13.
A During the past 20 years in Britain there has been a significant decrease in the number of social homes in the housing stock, down from 5.3m to 4.8m. The proportion of social housing has fallen from 29% to 18% during the same period. This is largely due to the policies of Margaret Thatcher's government during the 1980's which forced local councils to sell homes under market price to existing tenants under a 'right to buy' scheme and prevented them from building new houses. New social homes were then to be paid for by central government and managed by local housing associations.
B Next month, the government is expected to announce a significant increase in the Social Housing Department's £1.7 billion annual budget and also intends to make the application process for social housing simpler. The additional £2 billion will build about 50,000 new houses each year at current building costs. Still more houses could be built if subsidies were reduced.
C The UK government is hoping that the extra investment will improve the housing situation. Britain with her increasing population builds fewer new houses than are needed, with a shortfall of 100,000 a year according to Shelter, a housing charity. The result is a boom in house prices that has made owning a home unaffordable for many, especially in London and the south of England. Key public sector workers, such as nurses and teachers, are among those affected.
D In order to increase the social housing stock the government is using a process known as planning gain. Town councils are increasing the amount of social housing developers must build as part of a new building project and which they must give to the local housing association. Even without the financial support of the central government, some local councils in England are using planning gain to increase the proportion of social housing stock. In expensive Cambridge, the council wants 25% of new housing to be social; the figure is 35% in Bristol, while Manchester is planning 40% over the next twenty years.
E Will this housing policy create new sink estates? Hopefully, not. Housing planners have learnt from the mistakes of the 1960s and 1970s when large council housing estates were constructed. Builders have got better at design and planning mixed-use developments where social housing is mixed with, and indistinguishable from, private housing. Social housing developments are winning design awards - a project in London won the Housing Design Award — though it is true that some council estates that now illustrate some of the worst aspects of 1960s architecture won awards at the time.
F The management of social housing stock has largely moved from local councils to housing associations. Housing associations look after the maintenance of the existing housing stock, getting repairs done and dealing with problems like prostitution and drugs while employing estate security and on-site maintenance staff. One significant change is that planners have learned to build smaller housing developments.
G The significant drawback of social housing still remains: it discourages mobility. What happens to the nurse who lives in cheap social housing in one town, and is offered a job in a region that does not provide her with new social housing? The government wants to encourage initiative but is providing a housing system that makes it difficult for people to change their lives. Public-sector workers are increasingly being priced out of London and other expensive parts of the country and, as a result, are unable to take advantage of opportunities available to them.
For questions 1-7, choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. You may use each heading only once. There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them.
ii. Councils give way to housing associations
iii. Increased spending
iv. The cost of moving home
v. A shrinking supply
vi. Learning from the past
vii. Public-sector workers squeezed out
viii. New demands on developers
1. Paragraph A 2. Paragraph B 3. Paragraph C
4. Paragraph D 5. Paragraph E 6. Paragraph F 7. Paragraph G
For questions 8-13, write in the corresponding numbered boxes
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
8. During the Thatcher years, there was a block on building social homes.
9. The housing problem in London is worse than in the rest of south-east England.
10. Local authorities are starting to depend on the 'planning gain' scheme.
11. One way to make social housing more successful is to make it similar to private housing.
12. Local councils are unable to deal with crimes committed on social housing land.
13. It would not be helpful to modify pubic workers salary depending on where they lived.
Social housing in Britain
A During the past 20 years in Britain there has been a significant decrease in the number of social homes in the housing stock, down from 5.3m to 4.8m. The proportion of social housing has fallen from 29% to 18% during the same period. This is largely due to the policies of Margaret Thatcher's government during the 1980's which forced local councils to sell homes under market price to existing tenants under a 'right to buy' scheme and prevented them from building new houses. New social homes were then to be paid for by central government and managed by local housing associations.
B Next month, the government is expected to announce a significant increase in the Social Housing Department's £1.7 billion annual budget and also intends to make the application process for social housing simpler. The additional £2 billion will build about 50,000 new houses each year at current building costs. Still more houses could be built if subsidies were reduced.
C The UK government is hoping that the extra investment will improve the housing situation. Britain with her increasing population builds fewer new houses than are needed, with a shortfall of 100,000 a year according to Shelter, a housing charity. The result is a boom in house prices that has made owning a home unaffordable for many, especially in London and the south of England. Key public sector workers, such as nurses and teachers, are among those affected.
D In order to increase the social housing stock the government is using a process known as planning gain. Town councils are increasing the amount of social housing developers must build as part of a new building project and which they must give to the local housing association. Even without the financial support of the central government, some local councils in England are using planning gain to increase the proportion of social housing stock. In expensive Cambridge, the council wants 25% of new housing to be social; the figure is 35% in Bristol, while Manchester is planning 40% over the next twenty years.
E Will this housing policy create new sink estates? Hopefully, not. Housing planners have learnt from the mistakes of the 1960s and 1970s when large council housing estates were constructed. Builders have got better at design and planning mixed-use developments where social housing is mixed with, and indistinguishable from, private housing. Social housing developments are winning design awards - a project in London won the Housing Design Award — though it is true that some council estates that now illustrate some of the worst aspects of 1960s architecture won awards at the time.
F The management of social housing stock has largely moved from local councils to housing associations. Housing associations look after the maintenance of the existing housing stock, getting repairs done and dealing with problems like prostitution and drugs while employing estate security and on-site maintenance staff. One significant change is that planners have learned to build smaller housing developments.
G The significant drawback of social housing still remains: it discourages mobility. What happens to the nurse who lives in cheap social housing in one town, and is offered a job in a region that does not provide her with new social housing? The government wants to encourage initiative but is providing a housing system that makes it difficult for people to change their lives. Public-sector workers are increasingly being priced out of London and other expensive parts of the country and, as a result, are unable to take advantage of opportunities available to them.
For questions 1-7, choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. You may use each heading only once. There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them.
List of Headings
i. Still difficult to move aroundii. Councils give way to housing associations
iii. Increased spending
iv. The cost of moving home
v. A shrinking supply
vi. Learning from the past
vii. Public-sector workers squeezed out
viii. New demands on developers
1. Paragraph A 2. Paragraph B 3. Paragraph C
4. Paragraph D 5. Paragraph E 6. Paragraph F 7. Paragraph G
For questions 8-13, write in the corresponding numbered boxes
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
8. During the Thatcher years, there was a block on building social homes.
9. The housing problem in London is worse than in the rest of south-east England.
10. Local authorities are starting to depend on the 'planning gain' scheme.
11. One way to make social housing more successful is to make it similar to private housing.
12. Local councils are unable to deal with crimes committed on social housing land.
13. It would not be helpful to modify pubic workers salary depending on where they lived.
