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Read the following passage and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D) best fits each gap. Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes. (15 pts)
Phobias, such as an extreme fear of spiders or heights, can cause genuine suffering. In the past, one (1) __________ to treatment involved the use of mind-(2) __________ drugs, although these often caused undesirable (3) __________ - effects in the patient. Another common method still in use is behavioural therapy. This involves exposing people to their particular phobia under controlled (4) __________. The (5) __________ behind this is that a new memory can be created which says the feared object or situation in (6) __________ is safe. In most cases, the effects seem to be more positive than those achieved through chemical intervention.
Most recently, in 2009, a series of (7) __________experiments led by Elizabeth Phelps at New York university looked at the way ‘fear memories’ were retrieved and the way they could be manipulated. Originally, the experiments had been (8) __________ on laboratory rats. Every time the rats were exposed to a certain sound, they were given an electric shock, so they learnt to fear the sound. Scientists (9) __________ it was possible to eliminate that fear through ‘extinction training’, in which the rats were then exposed repeatedly to the sound without any electric shock.
The timing of this training was (10) __________. Fear of the sound was only erased in those rats that were trained after an interval of a few minutes but no longer than a few hours after the fear memory was revived. Phelps’ study, on human (11) __________ given electric shocks when shown coloured cards, was (12) __________ on the rat tests. A year after the experiments, nineteen of her (13) __________ took part in further tests. Those who had received ‘extinction training’ more than six hours after the fear memory was revived still showed signs of fear towards the coloured cards. Those who had been trained quickly showed no signs of fear - (14) __________ that the fear memory had been eradicated. The research team’s (15) __________ seemed to offer hope for a new form of phobia treatment.
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Phobias, such as an extreme fear of spiders or heights, can cause genuine suffering. In the past, one (1) __________ to treatment involved the use of mind-(2) __________ drugs, although these often caused undesirable (3) __________ - effects in the patient. Another common method still in use is behavioural therapy. This involves exposing people to their particular phobia under controlled (4) __________. The (5) __________ behind this is that a new memory can be created which says the feared object or situation in (6) __________ is safe. In most cases, the effects seem to be more positive than those achieved through chemical intervention.
Most recently, in 2009, a series of (7) __________experiments led by Elizabeth Phelps at New York university looked at the way ‘fear memories’ were retrieved and the way they could be manipulated. Originally, the experiments had been (8) __________ on laboratory rats. Every time the rats were exposed to a certain sound, they were given an electric shock, so they learnt to fear the sound. Scientists (9) __________ it was possible to eliminate that fear through ‘extinction training’, in which the rats were then exposed repeatedly to the sound without any electric shock.
The timing of this training was (10) __________. Fear of the sound was only erased in those rats that were trained after an interval of a few minutes but no longer than a few hours after the fear memory was revived. Phelps’ study, on human (11) __________ given electric shocks when shown coloured cards, was (12) __________ on the rat tests. A year after the experiments, nineteen of her (13) __________ took part in further tests. Those who had received ‘extinction training’ more than six hours after the fear memory was revived still showed signs of fear towards the coloured cards. Those who had been trained quickly showed no signs of fear - (14) __________ that the fear memory had been eradicated. The research team’s (15) __________ seemed to offer hope for a new form of phobia treatment.
1. A. way | B. means | C. method | D. approach |
2. A. altering | B. changing | C. adapting | D. transferring |
3. A. other | B. after | C. side | D. over |
4. A. examples | B. conditions | C. cases | D. rules |
5. A. action | B. theory | C. practice | D. process |
6. A. front | B. mind | C. question | D. point |
7. A. pioneering | B. leading | C. main | D. breaking |
8. A. found out | B. taken part | C. looked into | D. carried out |
9. A. gained | B. discovered | C. acquired | D. wondered |
10. A. meaningful | B. urgent | C. crucial | D. foremost |
11. A. volunteers | B. nominees | C. candidates | D. applicants |
12. A. derived | B. aimed | C. designed | D. based |
13. A. members | B. interviews | C. subjects | D. people |
14. A. indicating | B. pointing | C. noting | D. gesturing |
15. A. findings | B. intentions | C. options | D. summaries |
