Bài giải của hocmai.toanhoc ( Trịnh Hào Quang)
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Tìm nguyên hàm:
[TEX]I = \int {\frac{{dx}}{{x^8 + 1}}} [/TEX]
Giải:
Ta có:
[TEX]\frac{1}{{x^8 + 1}} = \frac{1}{{(x^4 - x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1)(x^4 + x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1)}} = \frac{{A_1 x^3 + B_1 x^2 + C_1 x + D_1 }}{{(x^4 - x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1)}} + \frac{{A_2 x^3 + B_2 x^2 + C_2 x + D_2 }}{{(x^4 + x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1)}}[/TEX]
Dùng phương pháp hệ số bất định ta có:
[TEX]\int {\frac{{dx}}{{x^8 + 1}}} = \int {\frac{{ - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}x^2 + \frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^4 - x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1)}}} dx + \int {\frac{{\frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}x^2 + \frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^4 + x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1)}}} dx = I_1 + I_2 [/TEX]
*Tính I1:
[TEX]I_1 = \int {\frac{{ - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}x^2 + \frac{1}{2}}}{{x^4 - x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1}}} dx = - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}\int {\frac{{x^2 + 1}}{{x^4 - x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1}}} dx + (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\int {\frac{{dx}}{{x^4 - x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1}}} = J_1 + J_2 [/TEX]
[TEX]J_1 = - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}\int {\frac{{x^2 + 1}}{{x^4 - x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1}}} dx = - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}\int {\frac{{1 + \frac{1}{{x^2 }}}}{{x^2 - \sqrt 2 + \frac{1}{{x^2 }}}}dx = - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}\int {\frac{{d(x - \frac{1}{x})}}{{(x - \frac{1}{x})^2 + (2 - \sqrt 2 )}}} } \\ \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, = - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt {4 - 2\sqrt 2 } }}{\rm{ar}}ctg\frac{{(x - \frac{1}{x})}}{{\sqrt {2 - \sqrt 2 } }} + C_1 \\\[/TEX]
[TEX]J_2 = (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\int {\frac{{dx}}{{x^4 - x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1}}} = (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\int {\frac{{dx}}{{(x^2 - \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }})^2 + \frac{1}{2}}}} \\= \frac{1}{{\sqrt[4]{2}}}(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\int {\frac{{dt}}{{\sqrt {tg\,t + 1} }}} \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\left( {\frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}tg\,t = x^2 - \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }} \Rightarrow dx = \frac{{dt}}{{2\sqrt[4]{2}c{\rm{os}}^2 t\sqrt {tg\,t + 1} }}} \right) \\= \frac{1}{{\sqrt[4]{2}}}(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\int {\left( {\frac{1}{{2u}} - \frac{1}{4}\frac{{2(u - 1)}}{{u^2 - 2u + 2}} + \frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{{(u - 1)^2 + 1}}} \right)} du\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\left( {u = tg\,t + 1 \Rightarrow dt = \frac{{du}}{{u^2 - 2u + 2}}} \right) \\= \frac{1}{{4\sqrt[4]{2}}}(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\ln \frac{{u^2 }}{{u^2 - 2u + 2}} + (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\frac{1}{{2\sqrt[4]{2}}}{\rm{ar}}ctg(u - 1) \\=\frac{1}{{4\sqrt[4]{2}}}(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\ln \frac{{2x^4}}{{2x^4 - 2\sqrt 2 x^2 + 2}} + \frac{1}{{2\sqrt[4]{2}}}(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}){\rm{ar}}ctg(\sqrt 2 x^2 - 1) \\\[/TEX]
[TEX]I_1 = - \frac{1}{{4\sqrt {4 - 2\sqrt 2 } }}{\rm{ar}}ctg\left( {\frac{{x - \frac{1}{x}}}{{\sqrt {2 - \sqrt 2 } }}} \right)+\frac{1}{{4\sqrt[4]{2}}}(\frac{1}{2}+ \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\ln \frac{{2x^4 }}{{2x^4 - 2\sqrt 2 x^2 + 2}} \\ + \frac{1}{{2\sqrt[4]{2}}}(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}){\rm{ar}}ctg(\sqrt 2 x^2 - 1) + C \\[/TEX]
*Tính I2:
[TEX]I_2 = \int {\frac{{\frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}x^2 + \frac{1}{2}}}{{x^4 + x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1}}} dx = \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}\int {\frac{{x^2 + 1}}{{x^4 + x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1}}} dx + (\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\int {\frac{{dx}}{{x^4 + x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1}}} = K_1 + K_2 [/TEX]
[TEX]K_1 = \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}\int {\frac{{x^2 + 1}}{{x^4 + x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1}}} dx = \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}\int {\frac{{1 + \frac{1}{{x^2 }}}}{{x^2 + \sqrt 2 + \frac{1}{{x^2 }}}}dx = \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}\int {\frac{{d(x - \frac{1}{x})}}{{(x - \frac{1}{x})^2 + (2 + \sqrt 2 )}}} } \\ \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, = \frac{1}{{2\sqrt {4 + 2\sqrt 2 } }}{\rm{ar}}ctg\frac{{(x - \frac{1}{x})}}{{\sqrt {2 + \sqrt 2 } }} + C_2 \\\[/TEX]
[TEX]K_2 = (\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\int {\frac{{dx}}{{x^4 + x^2 \sqrt 2 + 1}}} = (\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\int {\frac{{dx}}{{(x^2 + \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }})^2 + \frac{1}{2}}}}\\= \frac{1}{{\sqrt[4]{2}}}(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\int {\frac{{dt}}{{\sqrt {tg\,t + 1} }}} \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\left( {\frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}tg\,t = x^2 + \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }} \Rightarrow dx = \frac{{dt}}{{2\sqrt[4]{2}c{\rm{os}}^2 t\sqrt {tg\,t + 1} }}} \right) \\= \frac{1}{{\sqrt[4]{2}}}(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\int {\left( {\frac{1}{{2u}} - \frac{1}{4}\frac{{2(u - 1)}}{{u^2 - 2u + 2}} + \frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{{(u - 1)^2 + 1}}} \right)} du\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\left( {u = tg\,t + 1\Rightarrow dt = \frac{{du}}{{u^2 - 2u + 2}}} \right)\\=\frac{1}{{4\sqrt[4]{2}}}(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\ln \frac{{u^2 }}{{u^2 - 2u + 2}} + \frac{1}{{2\sqrt[4]{2}}}(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}){\rm{ar}}ctg(u - 1) \\= \frac{1}{{4\sqrt[4]{2}}}(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\ln \frac{{(x^2 \sqrt 2 + 2)^2 }}{{2x^4 + 2\sqrt 2 x^2 + 2}} + \frac{1}{{2\sqrt[4]{2}}}(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}){\rm{ar}}ctg(\sqrt 2 x^2 + 1) \\[/TEX]
[TEX]I_2 =\frac{1}{{2\sqrt{4+2\sqrt2}}}{\rm{ar}}ctg\frac{{(x-\frac{1}{x})}}{{\sqrt {2 + \sqrt 2 } }} + \frac{1}{{4\sqrt[4]{2}}}(\frac{1}{2} -\frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }})\ln \frac{{(x^2 \sqrt 2 + 2)^2 }}{{2x^4 + 2\sqrt 2 x^2 + 2}} \\+ \frac{1}{{2\sqrt[4]{2}}}(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{{2\sqrt 2 }}){\rm{ar}}ctg(\sqrt 2 x^2 + 1) \\\[/TEX]
Kết luận I=I1+I2