Ngoại ngữ Tổng hợp về câu tường thuật (Reported speech)

[nguyenthaman]

[TẶNG BẠN] TRỌN BỘ Bí kíp học tốt 08 môn
Chắc suất Đại học top - Giữ chỗ ngay!!

ĐĂNG BÀI NGAY để cùng trao đổi với các thành viên siêu nhiệt tình & dễ thương trên diễn đàn.

I- PHÂN BIỆT CÂU TRỰC TIẾP VÀ CÂU GIÁN TIẾP

Spoiler: I- PHÂN BIỆT CÂU TRỰC TIẾP VÀ CÂU GIÁN TIẾP

• Câu trực tiếp

- Câu trực tiếp là câu nói của ai đó được trích dẫn lại nguyên văn và thường được để trong dấu ngoặc kép (“… ”). Ví dụ: + Mary said “ I don’t like ice-cream”. (Cô ấy nói rằng: “Tôi không thích kem”.) Ta thấy trong dấu ngoặc kép là lời nói trực tiếp của Mary và nó được trích dẫn lại một cách nguyên văn.

• Câu gián tiếp

- Câu gián tiếp là câu tường thuật lại lời nói của người khác theo ý của người tường thuật và ý nghĩa không thay đổi. Ví dụ: + Mary said that she didn’t like ice-cream. (Mary nói cô ấy không thích kem.) Ta thấy câu nói của Mary được tường thuật lại theo cách nói của người tường thuật và ý nghĩa thì vẫn giữ nguyên.

II- CÁC CÁCH TƯỜNG THUẬT TỪ CÂU NÓI TRỰC TIẾP SANG CÂU NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
Ta cần phân tích cấu trúc của câu trực tiếp và câu gián tiếp qua các ví dụ sau:
- My mother said “I want you to study harder.” (Mẹ tôi nói “Mẹ muốn con học hành chăm chỉ hơn.)
Ta có: - Động từ “said” được gọi là “Động từ giới thiệu”
- Động từ “want” là động từ chính trong câu trực tiếp.
- “I” là chủ ngữ trong câu trực tiếp
- “you” là tân ngữ trong câu trực tiếp
- My mother said / told me that she wanted me to study harder. (Mẹ tôi nó bà ấy muốn tôi học hành chăm chỉ hơn)
Ta thấy các thành phần như “động từ giới thiệu”, động từ chính, các đại từ (I/you/…) trong câu trực tiếp khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp đều phải biến đổi.
Vậy những thành phần nào cần biến đổi, và biến đổi như thế nào, ta sẽ đi vào từng loại câu cụ thể.

Spoiler: 1. Các thành phần cần biến đổi trong câu gián tiếp:

1. Các thành phần cần biến đổi trong câu gián tiếp:

• Các đại từ: Ta cần thay đổi đại từ sao cho phù hợp với ngữ cảnh trong câu
• Thay đổi thì của câu: Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi về quá khứ

-Câu trực tiếp -Câu gián tiếp
Hiện tại đơn -> Quá khứ đơn
Hiện tại tiếp diễn -> Quá khứ tiếp diễn
Hiện tại hoàn thành -> Quá khứ hoàn thành
Quá khứ đơn -> Quá khứ hoàn thành
Quá khứ tiếp diễn -> Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
Tương lai đơn: will/ shall -> would/ should
Tương lai gần: be going to -> was/were going to​

• Thay đổi một số động từ khuyết thiếu:

-Trực tiếp -Gián tiếp
can -> could
will ->would
shall ->should
must ->had to
may ->might​

• Thay đổi Đại từ

Chuyển đổi đại từ theo 3 quy tắc sau:

1. Ngôi thứ nhất (I, we, me, us, my, our,...) đổi theo người nói (Subject)
2. Ngôi thứ hai (You, your) đổi theo người nghe (Object)
3. Ngôi thứ ba (she,he,they,it,her,his,their,him,them ) giữ nguyên không đổi

• Các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn, thời gian:

Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
Here ->There
Now ->Then
Today ->That day
Ago ->Before
Tomorrow ->The next day / the following day
The day after tomorrow ->In two day’s time / two days after
Yesterday ->The day before / the previous day
The day before yesterday ->Two day before
Next week ->The following week
Last week ->The previous week / the week before
Last year ->The previous year / the year before

Spoiler: 2. Câu trần thuật

2. Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép là một câu trần thuật
- Ta cần biến đổi các đại từ cho phù hợp với ý nghĩa của câu
- Các động từ giới thiệu thường dùng là: say (that), tell sb (that)

• Nếu động từ giới thiệu chia ở các thì hiện tại, hoặc tương lai:

-> ta không cần lùi thì động từ chính trong câu gián tiếp
Ví dụ:
- She says “I don’t want to stay at home every day.”
-> She says / tells me that she doesn’t want to stay at home every day

• Nếu động từ giới thiệu chia ở các thì quá khứ:

-> Ta cần lùi thì động từ chính trong câu gián tiếp
Ví dụ:
- She said “My father is travelling in America”.
-> She said that her father was travelling in America.

Spoiler: 3.Câu mệnh lệnh

3. Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu mệnh lệnh
-> Ta xét nghĩa của câu rồi sử dụng các cấu trúc cho phù hợp.

• Khi câu mệnh lệnh thức trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa yêu cầu, đề nghị ai đó làm gì ta có thể sử dụng các cấu trúc sau:

- tell/ ask/ require/ request/ demand + sb + to do st: Yêu cầu, đề nghị hay đòi hỏi ai làm gì.
Ví dụ:
- She said to me “close the door!”
-> She asked me to close the door.

• Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa ra lệnh ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau:

- order sb to do st: ra lệnh cho ai làm gì.
Ví dụ:
- He said to me angrily “go out!”.
-> He ordered me to go out

Spoiler: 4.Câu hỏi

4.Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu hỏi.

• Nếu trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu hỏi không có từ hỏi.

-> Trong câu gián tiếp thêm “if” hoặc “whether” và mệnh đề theo sau biến đổi về dạng khẳng định.
-> Động từ giới thiệu thường sử dụng: ask, wonder
Ví dụ:
- She said “Do you want to go with me?”
-> She asked if I wanted to go with her.
- Mary said “Do you go to school by bus, Peter?”
-> Mary asked Peter whether he went to school by bus.

• Nếu trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu hỏi có từ hỏi (what/where/when/how/who/…)

-> Trong câu gián tiếp phải biến đổi mệnh đề sau từ hỏi về dạng khẳng định.
-> Động từ giới thiệu thường sử dụng: ask, wonder, want to know
Ví dụ:
- He asked “what time will you come?”
-> He asked what time I would come.

Spoiler: 5. Các trường hợp khác

5. Các trường hợp khác:

• Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa đề nghị làm gì cho ai ta sử dụng cấu trúc:

- offer to do st:
- He said “Shall I make you a cup of coffee?”
-> He offered to make me a cup of coffee.

• Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa khuyên bảo ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau:

- advise sb to do st: khuyên ai đó nên làm gì.
Ví dụ:
- He said to me “You should go to bed early”.
-> He advised me to go to bed early.

• Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa mời mọc ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau:

- invite sb to do st
Ví dụ:
- My friend said “Will you go the zoo with me?”
-> My friend friend invited me to go to the zoo with her.

• Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu cảm thán ta sử dụng động từ “exclaim”

Ví dụ:
- She said “What an intelligent boy!”
-> She exclaimed that the boy was intelligent.

• Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa xin lỗi ta sử dụng cấu trúc:

- apologize (to sb) for st/ for doing st: xin lỗi (ai) về điều gì/ vì đã làm gì
Ví dụ:
- She said "I'm sorry. I'm late."
-> She apologized for being late.

• Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa nhắc nhở ta sử dụng cấu trúc:

- remind sb to do st: Nhắc nhở ai làm gì
Ví dụ:
- My mother said "Don't forget to bring your umbrella."
-> My mother reminded me to bring my umbrella.

• Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa buộc tội ai đó ta sử dụng cấu trúc:

- accuse sb of st/ doing st: Buộc tội ai về điều gì/ vì đã làm gì
Ví dụ:
- She said "No one else but you did it."
-> She accused me of doing it

III-BÀI TẬP

Spoiler: Bài tập 1

Bài 1: Viết lại các câu sau sử dụng cách nói gián tiếp.
1. “Open the door,” he said to them.
-He told them...................................................................
2. “Where are you going?” he asked her.
-He asked her where.........................................................
3. “Which way did they go?” he asked.
-He asked... ......................................................................
4. “Bring it back if it doesn’t fit”, I said to her.
-I told... ............................................................................
5. “Don’t try to open it now,” she said to us.
-She told... ........................................................................
6. “Is it going to be a fine day today?” I asked her.
-I asked her... ....................................................................
7. “He’s not at home”, she said.
-She said that... .................................................................
8. “Is the bus station far away?” the girl asked.
-The girl wanted to know... ..............................................
9. “Don’t stay out late, Ann” Tom said.
-Tom told Ann... ...............................................................
10. “Please let me borrow your car,” he said to her.
-He asked... ........................................................................
11. “Jean, have you seen my gloves?” Thomas asked.
-Thomas asked Jean............................................................
12. Don’t leave the window open, Mary”, I said.
-I told Mary.... ...................................................................
13. “I’ll have a cup of tea with you,” she said.
-She said that.......................................................................
14. “I’ll pay him if I can” she said.
-She said that... ...................................................................
15. “What are you going to do next summer?” she asked.
- She asked us.... ...................................................................
16. “I’ll phone you tomorrow,” he told Jack.
-He told Jack that.... .............................................................
17. “Can I sit beside you, Jean?” Tom asked.
-Tom asked Jean.... ..............................................................
18. “I want a camera for my birthday,” he said.
-He said that.... ...................................................................
19. “Don’t keep the door locked,” he said to us.
-He told us.... ...................................................................
20. “How long are you going to stay?” I asked him
-I asked him how long..........................................................

 

[Tony Time]

Bài 1: Viết lại các câu sau sử dụng cách nói gián tiếp.
1. “Open the door,” he said to them.
-He told them..to open the door...............................................................
2. “Where are you going?” he asked her.
-He asked her where..she was going.......................................................
3. “Which way did they go?” he asked.
-He asked.me .......which way..they had gone.............................................................
4. “Bring it back if it doesn’t fit”, I said to her.
-I told... .....her to bring back if it didn't fit.......................................................................
5. “Don’t try to open it now,” she said to us.
-She told... ....us not to open it....................................................................
6. “Is it going to be a fine day today?” I asked her.
-I asked her... .......if it was going to be a fine day today.............................................................
7. “He’s not at home”, she said.
-She said that... ...he wasn't at home..............................................................
8. “Is the bus station far away?” the girl asked.
-The girl wanted to know...if the bus station was far away........................................
9. “Don’t stay out late, Ann” Tom said.
-Tom told Ann... ...not to stay out late (stay up chứ nhỉ?)............................................................
10. “Please let me borrow your car,” he said to her.
-He asked... ....her to let him borrow her car....................................................................
11. “Jean, have you seen my gloves?” Thomas asked.
-Thomas asked Jean.......if he had seen his gloves.....................................................
12. Don’t leave the window open, Mary”, I said.
-I told Mary.... ...not to leave the door opened..............................................................
13. “I’ll have a cup of tea with you,” she said.
-She said that..........she would have a cup of tea with me.............................................................
14. “I’ll pay him if I can” she said.
-She said that... .......she would pay him if she could............................................................
15. “What are you going to do next summer?” she asked.
- She asked us.... ..what we were going to do the next summer.................................................................
16. “I’ll phone you tomorrow,” he told Jack.
-He told Jack that.... ...he would phone him the next day..........................................................
17. “Can I sit beside you, Jean?” Tom asked.
-Tom asked Jean.... .if he could sit beside her.............................................................
18. “I want a camera for my birthday,” he said.
-He said that....he wanted a camera for his birthday ...................................................................
19. “Don’t keep the door locked,” he said to us.
-He told us.... ..not to keep the door locked.................................................................
20. “How long are you going to stay?” I asked him
-I asked him how long............he was going to stay..............................................

 

[Nữ Thần Mặt Trăng]

Bài 1: Viết lại các câu sau sử dụng cách nói gián tiếp.
1. “Open the door,” he said to them.
-He told them..to open the door...............................................................
2. “Where are you going?” he asked her.
-He asked her where..she was going.......................................................
3. “Which way did they go?” he asked.
-He asked.me .......which way..they had gone.............................................................
4. “Bring it back if it doesn’t fit”, I said to her.
-I told... .....her to bring back if it didn't fit.......................................................................
5. “Don’t try to open it now,” she said to us.
-She told... ....us not to open it....................................................................
6. “Is it going to be a fine day today?” I asked her.
-I asked her... .......if it was going to be a fine day today.............................................................
7. “He’s not at home”, she said.
-She said that... ...he wasn't at home..............................................................
8. “Is the bus station far away?” the girl asked.
-The girl wanted to know...if the bus station was far away........................................
9. “Don’t stay out late, Ann” Tom said.
-Tom told Ann... ...not to stay out late (stay up chứ nhỉ?)............................................................
10. “Please let me borrow your car,” he said to her.
-He asked... ....her to let him borrow her car....................................................................
11. “Jean, have you seen my gloves?” Thomas asked.
-Thomas asked Jean.......if he had seen his gloves.....................................................
12. Don’t leave the window open, Mary”, I said.
-I told Mary.... ...not to leave the door opened..............................................................
13. “I’ll have a cup of tea with you,” she said.
-She said that..........she would have a cup of tea with me.............................................................
14. “I’ll pay him if I can” she said.
-She said that... .......she would pay him if she could............................................................
15. “What are you going to do next summer?” she asked.
- She asked us.... ..what we were going to do the next summer.................................................................
16. “I’ll phone you tomorrow,” he told Jack.
-He told Jack that.... ...he would phone him the next day..........................................................
17. “Can I sit beside you, Jean?” Tom asked.
-Tom asked Jean.... .if he could sit beside her.............................................................
18. “I want a camera for my birthday,” he said.
-He said that....he wanted a camera for his birthday ...................................................................
19. “Don’t keep the door locked,” he said to us.
-He told us.... ..not to keep the door locked.................................................................
20. “How long are you going to stay?” I asked him
-I asked him how long............he was going to stay..............................................

6. today → that day
12. chắc anh nhầm nhỉ? ^^

 

[Tony Time]

6. today → that day
12. chắc anh nhầm nhỉ? ^^

Ừ chắc anh ẩu ^^

 

[ngogiahy2017@gmail.com]

Bài 1: Viết lại các câu sau sử dụng cách nói gián tiếp.
1. “Open the door,” he said to them.
-He told them..to open the door.................................................................
2. “Where are you going?” he asked her.
-He asked her where....she was going.....................................................
3. “Which way did they go?” he asked.
-He asked.which way the had gone.. ......................................................................
4. “Bring it back if it doesn’t fit”, I said to her.
-I told...her to bring it back if it didn't fit............................................................................
5. “Don’t try to open it now,” she said to us.
-She told...us not to try to open it then......................................................................
6. “Is it going to be a fine day today?” I asked her.
-I asked her...if it was going to be fine day that day ....................................................................
7. “He’s not at home”, she said.
-She said that... .wasn't at home................................................................
8. “Is the bus station far away?” the girl asked.
-The girl wanted to know...iif the bus station was far away ..............................................
9. “Don’t stay out late, Ann” Tom said.
-Tom told Ann..not to stay out late. ...............................................................
10. “Please let me borrow your car,” he said to her.
-He asked...her to boroow her caer........................................................................
11. “Jean, have you seen my gloves?” Thomas asked.
-Thomas asked Jean...if she had seen his gloves.......................................................
12. Don’t leave the window open, Mary”, I said.
-I told Mary.... not to leave the window open...................................................................
13. “I’ll have a cup of tea with you,” she said.
-She said that...she would have a cup of tea with me....................................................................
14. “I’ll pay him if I can” she said.
-She said that...she would pay him if she could ...................................................................
15. “What are you going to do next summer?” she asked.
- She asked us...what we was going to do the following summer. ...................................................................
16. “I’ll phone you tomorrow,” he told Jack.
-He told Jack that..he would phone Jack the next day. .............................................................
17. “Can I sit beside you, Jean?” Tom asked.
-Tom asked Jean....if he could sit beside her ..............................................................
18. “I want a camera for my birthday,” he said.
-He said that....he wanted a camera for his birthday ...................................................................
19. “Don’t keep the door locked,” he said to us.
-He told us.not to keep the door looked... ...................................................................
20. “How long are you going to stay?” I asked him
-I asked him how long.....he was going to stay.....................................................

 

[nguyenthaman]

Đáp án bài tập 1:

Spoiler: Đáp án bài tập 1

1. He told them to open the door.
2. He asked her where she was going.
3. He asked me which way they had gone.
4. I told her to bring it back if it didn’t fit.
5. She told us not to try to open it then.
6. I asked her whether/ if it was going to be a fine day that day.
7. She said that he was not at home.
8. The girl wanted to know whether/ if the bus station was far away.
9. Tom told Ann not to stay out late.
10. He asked her to let him borrow her car.
11. Thomas asked Jean whether/if she had seen his gloves.
12. I told Mary not to leave the window open.
13. She said that she would have a cup of tea with me.
14. She said that she would pay him if she could.
15. She asked us what we were going to do the following summer.
16. He told Jack that he would phone him the following day.
17. Tom asked Jean whether/if he could sit beside her.
18. He said that he wanted a camera for his birthday.
19. He told us not to keep the door locked.
20. I asked him how long he was going to stay

Bài tập 2:

Spoiler: Bài tập 2

1. “Are you going by train?” she asked me. -She wanted to know.... ..................................................
2. “Don’t use too much hot water,” she said to us. -She asked us.... ..............................................................
3. “Will you come to my party?” she said to me. -She invited me.... ............................................................
4. “Don’t do it again,” she said to them. She told them..................................................................
5. “ Did Mr Brown send the potatoes to you?” she asked. -She asked.......................................................................
6. “Don’t get your shoes dirty, boys,” she said. -She told..........................................................................
7. “What do you want for lunch today, Peter?” Mary asked. -Mary asked.......................................................................
8. “Can I borrow your typewriter, Janet?” asked Peter. - Peter asked if .......................................................................
9. “Why didn’t I get a computer before?” thought the office manager. -The office manager wondered............................................................
10. “You had better not lend him any more money, Elizabeth,’’ said John. -John advised Elizabeth........................................................................
11. “You stole my best cassette, Amanda!” said John. -John accused.......................................................................................
12. “ You damaged my bicycle, John!” said Mary. -Mary accused......................................................................................
13. “When was your little boy born?” said the nurse to Mrs. Bingley. -The nurse asked Mrs. Bingley...............................................................
14. “You should take more exercise, Mr. Robert,” the doctor said. -The doctor advised................................................................................
15. “Will I find a job?”, Tim said to himself. -Tim wondered.......................................................................................
16. “I’m sorry I gave you the wrong number,” said Paul to Susan. -Paul apologized.....................................................................................
17. “When is the first day of your holiday, Peter?” Martha asked. - Martha asked Peter when.....................................................................
18. “Can I have a new bicycle?” said Anna to her mother. -Anna asked............................................................................................
19.. “Don’t leave the house until I get back, William”, his mother said. - William’s mother told..........................................................................
20. “Don’t bite your nails,” said Mrs. Rogers to her son. -Mrs. Rogers told....... .............................................................................