Hỗn hợp A gồm Fe và Mg có khối lượng 2,72gam chia thành hai phần bằng nhau:
- Phần 1 : Cho vào 400ml ddCuSO4 a(M) chờ cho pứ xong thu đc 1,84 gam rắn B và ddC.Cho ddNaOH dư vào ddC thu đc kết tủa. sấy nung kết tủa trong không khí thu đến KL không đổi cân đc 1,2 gam rắn D. Tính %KL mỗi kim loại trong hỗn hợp A và trị số a?
- Phần 2 : Cho tác dụng với V lít ddAgNO3 0,1M. Sau pứ xong thu được rắn E có khối lượng 3,36gam. Tính % khối lượng các chất trong rắn E và tính V?
*) Xét phần I : m(Mg+Fe)=2,72:2=1,36(g)" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">m(Mg+Fe)=2,72:2=1,36(g)m(Mg+Fe)=2,72:2=1,36(g)
- Trường hợp 1 : Một nửa hỗn hợp A phản ứng hết với CuSO4" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">CuSO4CuSO4
Thứ tự phản ứng xảy ra :
Mg+CuSO4→MgSO4+Cu↓" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Mg+CuSO4→MgSO4+Cu↓Mg+CuSO4→MgSO4+Cu↓
Fe+CuSO4→FeSO4+Cu↓" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Fe+CuSO4→FeSO4+Cu↓Fe+CuSO4→FeSO4+Cu↓
=> Dung dịch C gồm có : FeSO4,MgSO4,CuSO4" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">FeSO4,MgSO4,CuSO4FeSO4,MgSO4,CuSO4. Chất rắn B là Cu (có khối lượng là 1,84g).
Cho dung dịch C + dd NaOH →" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">→→ kết tủa Fe(OH)2,Mg(OH)2,Cu(OH)2" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Fe(OH)2,Mg(OH)2,Cu(OH)2Fe(OH)2,Mg(OH)2,Cu(OH)2
MgSO4+2NaOH→Mg(OH)2↓+Na2SO4" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">MgSO4+2NaOH→Mg(OH)2↓+Na2SO4MgSO4+2NaOH→Mg(OH)2↓+Na2SO4
FeSO4+2NaOH→Fe(OH)2↓+Na2SO4" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">FeSO4+2NaOH→Fe(OH)2↓+Na2SO4FeSO4+2NaOH→Fe(OH)2↓+Na2SO4
CuSO4+2NaOH→Cu(OH)2↓+Na2SO4" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">CuSO4+2NaOH→Cu(OH)2↓+Na2SO4CuSO4+2NaOH→Cu(OH)2↓+Na2SO4
Khi nung kết tủa :
Mg(OH)2→(t0)MgO+H2O" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Mg(OH)2→(t0)MgO+H2OMg(OH)2→(t0)MgO+H2O
4Fe(OH)2+O2→(t0)2Fe2O3+4H2O" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">4Fe(OH)2+O2→(t0)2Fe2O3+4H2O4Fe(OH)2+O2→(t0)2Fe2O3+4H2O
Cu(OH)2→(t0)CuO+H2O" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Cu(OH)2→(t0)CuO+H2OCu(OH)2→(t0)CuO+H2O
Oxit tương ứng sau khi nung trong không khí là Fe2O3,MgO,CuO" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Fe2O3,MgO,CuOFe2O3,MgO,CuO có khối lượng là 1,2g < 1,36g, Vậy A chưa phản ứng hết.
- Trường hợp 2 : Một nửa hh A phản ứng chưa hết với CuSO4" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">CuSO4CuSO4.
Giả thiết Mg pư chưa hết (mà Mg lại hoạt động hh mạnh hơn Fe) thì dung dịch CuSO4" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">CuSO4CuSO4 phải hết và Fe chưa tham gia phản ứng.
⇒" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">⇒⇒ Dung dịch C là MgSO4" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">MgSO4MgSO4 và chất rắn D chỉ có MgO.
Mg+CuSO4→MgSO4+Cu↓" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Mg+CuSO4→MgSO4+Cu↓Mg+CuSO4→MgSO4+Cu↓
MgSO4+2NaOH→Mg(OH)2↓+Na2SO4" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">MgSO4+2NaOH→Mg(OH)2↓+Na2SO4MgSO4+2NaOH→Mg(OH)2↓+Na2SO4
Mg(OH)2→(t0)MgO+H2O" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Mg(OH)2→(t0)MgO+H2OMg(OH)2→(t0)MgO+H2O
=> Số mol Mg phản ứng =nCu=nMgO=1,2:40=0,03(mol)" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">=nCu=nMgO=1,2:40=0,03(mol)=nCu=nMgO=1,2:40=0,03(mol)
Chất rắn B gồm Cu,Fe,Mg còn dư.
Nhưng ta thấy rằng mCu−tạo−ra=0,03⋅64=1,92(g)>1,84(g)" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">mCu−tạo−ra=0,03⋅64=1,92(g)>1,84(g)mCu−tạo−ra=0,03⋅64=1,92(g)>1,84(g), trái với điều kiện bài toán. Vậy Mg phải phản ứng hết và Fe tham gia một phần.
Như vậy :
Chất rắn B gồm có Cu,Fe" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Cu,FeCu,Fe còn dư.
Dung dịch C gồm có MgSO4,FeSO4" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">MgSO4,FeSO4MgSO4,FeSO4
Chất rắn D gồm có MgO và Fe2O3" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Fe2O3Fe2O3 có khối lượng là 1,2g.
Đặt x,y là số mol Fe, Mg trong 12" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">1212 hỗn gợp A và số mol Fe dư là z.
Ta có : {56x+24y=1,36(x−z)⋅64+y⋅64+56⋅z=1,84160⋅(x−z):2+40y=1,2" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">⎧⎩⎨⎪⎪56x+24y=1,36(x−z)⋅64+y⋅64+56⋅z=1,84160⋅(x−z):2+40y=1,2{56x+24y=1,36(x−z)⋅64+y⋅64+56⋅z=1,84160⋅(x−z):2+40y=1,2
Giải hpt trên ta được x = 0,02 ; y = 0,01 ; z = 0,01.
Nên %Fe = 82,35% và %Mg = 17,65%.
Số mol của CuSO4=0,02(mol)" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">CuSO4=0,02(mol)CuSO4=0,02(mol)
=> a=0,020,4=0,05M" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">a=0,020,4=0,05Ma=0,020,4=0,05M
*) Xét phần 2 : Một nửa hỗn hợp A có khối lượng là 1,36g.
Độ tăng của khối lượng chất rắn = 3,36 - 1,36 = 2(g)
Giả thiết Fe chưa pư :
Mg+CuSO4→MgSO4+Cu↓" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Mg+CuSO4→MgSO4+Cu↓Mg+CuSO4→MgSO4+Cu↓
MgSO4+2NaOH→Mg(OH)2↓+Na2SO4" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">MgSO4+2NaOH→Mg(OH)2↓+Na2SO4MgSO4+2NaOH→Mg(OH)2↓+Na2SO4
Mg(OH)2→(t0)MgO+H2O" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Mg(OH)2→(t0)MgO+H2OMg(OH)2→(t0)MgO+H2O
Ta có số mol Mg phản ứng bằng :
2
2⋅108−24)=0,0104(mol)>nMg" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">2
2⋅108−24)=0,0104(mol)>nMg2
2⋅108−24)=0,0104(mol)>nMg trong phần 1.
Như vậy Fe đã tham gia pư và Mg đã phản ứng hết.
mrắn−do−Mg−sinh−ra=0,01⋅(2⋅108−24)=1,92(g)" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">mrắn−do−Mg−sinh−ra=0,01⋅(2⋅108−24)=1,92(g)mrắn−do−Mg−sinh−ra=0,01⋅(2⋅108−24)=1,92(g)
mrắn−do−Fe−sinh−ra=2−1,92=0,08(g)" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">mrắn−do−Fe−sinh−ra=2−1,92=0,08(g)mrắn−do−Fe−sinh−ra=2−1,92=0,08(g)
nFe−phản−ứng=0,08
2⋅108−56)=0,0005(mol)" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">nFe−phản−ứng=0,08
2⋅108−56)=0,0005(mol)nFe−phản−ứng=0,08
2⋅108−56)=0,0005(mol)
nFe−dư=0,02−0,0005=0,0195(mol)" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">nFe−dư=0,02−0,0005=0,0195(mol)nFe−dư=0,02−0,0005=0,0195(mol)
Vậy chất rắn E gồm có Fe còn dư và Ag được sinh ra sau phản ứng.
mFe=0,0195⋅56=1,092(g)" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">mFe=0,0195⋅56=1,092(g)mFe=0,0195⋅56=1,092(g)
Nên %Fe=1,0923,36⋅100%=32,5%" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">%Fe=1,0923,36⋅100%=32,5%%Fe=1,0923,36⋅100%=32,5%
%Ag=100%−32,5%=67,5%" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">%Ag=100%−32,5%=67,5%%Ag=100%−32,5%=67,5%
Tổng số mol AgNO3" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">AgNO3AgNO3 đã phản ứng :
nAgNO3=(0,01+0,0005)⋅2=0,021(mol)" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">nAgNO3=(0,01+0,0005)⋅2=0,021(mol)nAgNO3=(0,01+0,0005)⋅2=0,021(mol)
Thể tích dung dịch AgNO3" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">AgNO3AgNO3 đã dùng :
Vdd=0,0210,1=0,21(l)" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Vdd=0,0210,1=0,21(l)