The building of the pyramids in Ancient Egypt obviously required a vast labor force, but the popular image of gangs of Egyptian being forced to work is probably incorrect. In fact it seems that though prisoners of war did some of the heavy work and the maintenance jobs, most of the ordinary laborers were farmers who worked during the flood periods when farming was impossible anyway. The laborers were probably anyway paid in food- because money did not yet exist – and organized in groups with encouraging names such as “hardworking gang” or “strong gang”. Although the traditional picture of thousands of slaves being struck with whips is unlikely to be true, paintings do show supervisors carrying metre-long sticks which were not simply symbols of office. One architect, Nekhebu, boasted that he never hit a workman hard enough to knock him down. The Greek historian Herodotus gave traditional figures for the work force of one of the pyramids as 100,000 men replaced every three month for the period of 20 years. It’s impossible to prove or disprove these figures, but they had doubtless been wildly overestimated. Housing that was found in the desert to the west of one of the pyramids would have accommodated a permanent wok force of no more than 4,000.
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