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Part 3: Read the following passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C, or D).
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.
In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.
In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
6. Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in the fourth paragraph?
A. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades
B. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow
C. Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party
D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company
7. Which of the following is NOT given as a name for the third type of cooperation?
A. Tertiary cooperation B. Antagonistic cooperation
C. Accommodation D. Latent conflict
8. The word fragile in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. involuntary B. poorly planned C. inefficient D. easily broken
9. As used throughout the passage, the term common is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A. popular B. vulgar C. ordinary D. shared
10. Which of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage?
A. The author provides a number of concrete examples and then draws a conclusion
B. The author presents the points of view of three experts on the same topic
C. The author compares and contrasts two types of human relations
D. The author describes a concept by analyzing its three forms
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.
In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.
In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
6. Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in the fourth paragraph?
A. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades
B. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow
C. Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party
D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company
7. Which of the following is NOT given as a name for the third type of cooperation?
A. Tertiary cooperation B. Antagonistic cooperation
C. Accommodation D. Latent conflict
8. The word fragile in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. involuntary B. poorly planned C. inefficient D. easily broken
9. As used throughout the passage, the term common is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A. popular B. vulgar C. ordinary D. shared
10. Which of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage?
A. The author provides a number of concrete examples and then draws a conclusion
B. The author presents the points of view of three experts on the same topic
C. The author compares and contrasts two types of human relations
D. The author describes a concept by analyzing its three forms
