CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG ( Passive Voice)

N

ngduchai

[TẶNG BẠN] TRỌN BỘ Bí kíp học tốt 08 môn
Chắc suất Đại học top - Giữ chỗ ngay!!

ĐĂNG BÀI NGAY để cùng trao đổi với các thành viên siêu nhiệt tình & dễ thương trên diễn đàn.

CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG

(Passive Voice)



1. Bị /Thụ động cách là cách đặt câu trong đó chủ ngữ đứng vai bị động.

Ví dụ:

1. Chinese is learnt at school by her.

2. A book was bought by her.



Chú ý: Điều kiện để có thể chuyển câu chủ động sang bị động:

Thứ 1: Câu chủ động phải xác lập có được tân ngữ. (object)

Thứ 2: Câu chủ động phải có Ngoại động từ. (transitive verbs)






2. Qui tắc Câu bị động.

a. Động từ của câu bị động: To be + Past Participle (Pii).

b. Tân ngữ của câu chủ động thành chủ ngữ của câu bị động

c. Chủ ngữ của câu chủ động thành chủ ngữ của giới từ "BY"



Active : Subject - Transitive Verb – Object

Passive : Subject - Be+ Past Participle - BY + Object



Ví dụ: The farmer dinks tea everyday. (Active)

Tea is drunk by the farmer everyday. (Passive)





3. Khi một ngoại động từ ở chủ động có hai tân ngữ, một trực tiếp và một gián tiếp (nhóm tặng biếu), có thể chuyển thành hai câu bị động.

Ví dụ: I gave him an apple.

An apple was given to him.

He was given an apple by me.



4. Một số câu đặc biệt phải dịch là "Người ta" khi dịch sang tiếng Việt.

Ví dụ: It is said that = people say that ; (Người ta nói rằng)

It was said that = people said that. (Người ta nói rằng)



Một số động từ được dùng như trên: believe, say, suggest, expect, ...



5. Ta dùng động từ nguyên thể trong thể bị động:

TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE để chỉ một ý định hay sự bắt buộc hoặc sự không thể được.



Ví dụ: This exercise is to be done.

This matter is to be discussed soon.





6. Sau những động từ: to have, to order, to get, to bid, to cause hay một động từ chỉ về giác quan hoặc cảm tính, ta dùng Past Participle (Tham khảo phần Bảng động từ bất quy tắc) bao hàm nghĩa như bị động:

Ví dụ: We had your photos taken.

We heard the song sung.



We got tired after having walked for long.



7. Bảng chia Chủ động sang Bị động:



Simple present
do
done

Present continuous
is/are doing
is/are being done

Simple Past
did
was/were done

Past continuous
was/were doing
was/were being done

Present Perfect
has/have done
has/have been done

Past perfect
had done
had been done

Simple future
will do
will be done

Future perfect
will have done
will have been done

is/are going to
is/are going to do
is/are going to be done

Can
can, could do
can, could be done

Might
might do
might be done

Must
must do
must be done

Have to
have to
have to be done




8. Một số Trường hợp đặc biệt khác:

a. Một số động từ đặc biệt: remember; want; try; like, hate ...

Ví dụ: I remember them taking me to the zoo. (active)

I remember being taken to the zoo.(passive)



Ví dụ: She wants her sister to take some photogtaphs.(actiove)

She wants some photographs to be taken by her sister. (passive)



Ví dụ: She likes her boyfriend telling the truth. (actiove)

She likes being told the truth. (passive)



9. Một số Trường hợp đặc biệt nguyên mẫu có TO: Suppose; see; make;

Ví dụ: You are supposed to learn English now. (passive)

= It is your duty to learn English now. (active)

= You should learn English now. (active)

Ví dụ: His father makes him learn hard. (active)

He is made to learn hard. (passive)

Ví dụ: You should be working now.(active)

You are supposed to be working now.(passive)



Ví dụ: People believed that he was waiting for his friend (active).

He was believed to have been waiting for his friend.(passive)
 
E

elyador

I. Form

A The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. The subject of the active verb becomes the 'agent' of the passive verb. The agent is very often not mentioned. When it is mentioned it is preceded by by and placed at the end of the clause:

This tree was planted by my grandfather.

В Examples of present, past and perfect passive tenses:

Active We keep the butter here.

Passive The butter is kept here.

Active They broke the window.

Passive The window was broken.

Active People have seen wolves in the streets.

Passive Wolves have been seen in the streets.

С The passive of continuous tenses requires the present continuous forms of to be, which are not otherwise much used:

Active They are repairing the bridge.

Passive The bridge is being repaired.

Active They were carrying the injured player off the field.

Passive The injured player was being carried off the field.

Other continuous tenses are exceedingly rarely used in the passive, so that sentences such as:

They have/had been repairing the road and

They will/would be repairing the road are not normally put into the passive.

D Auxiliary + infinitive combinations are made passive by using a passive infinitive:

Active You must/should shut these doors.

Passive These doors must/should be shut. Active

(perfect infinitive active) They should/ought to have told him.

(perfect infinitive passive) He should/ought to have been told.

E Other infinitive combinations

Verbs of liking/loving/wanting/wishing etc. + object + infinitive form their passive with the passive infinitive:

Active He wants someone to take photographs.

Passive He wants photographs to be taken.

With verbs of command/request/advice/invitation + indirect object + infinitive we form the passive by using the passive form of the main

verb:

Active He invited me to go.

Passive / was invited to go.

But with advise/beg/order/recommend/urge + indirect object + infinitive + object we can form the passive in two ways: by making the

main verb passive, as above, or by advise etc. + that . . . should + passive infinitive:

Active He urged the Council to reduce the rates.

Passive The Council was/were urged to reduce the rates or

He urged that the rates should be reduced.

agree/be anxious/arrange/be determined/determine/decide/ demand + infinitive + object are usually expressed in the passive by that. . . should, as above:

Active He decided to sell the house.

Passive He decided that the house should be sold.

F Gerund combinations

advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest + gerund + object are usually expressed in the passive by that. . . should, as above:

Active He recommended using bullet-proof glass.

Passive He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used.

it/they + need + gerund can also be expressed by it/they + need + passive infinitive. Both forms are passive in meaning.

Other gerund combinations are expressed in the passive by the passive gerund:

Active / remember them taking me to the Zoo.

Passive / remember being taken to the Zoo.
 
E

elyador

II. Active tenses and their passive equivalents

A Tense/Verb form


Active voice


Passive voice

Simple present


keeps


is kept

Present continuous


is keeping


is being kept

Simple past


kept


was kept

Past continuous


was keeping


was being kept

Present perfect


has kept


has been kept

Past perfect


had kept


had been kept

Future


will keep


will be kept

Conditional


would keep


would be kept

Perfect conditional


would have kept


would have been kept

Present infinitive


to keep


to be kept

Perfect infinitive


to have kept


to have been kept

Present participle/gerund


keeping


being kept

Perfect participle


having kept


having been kept

В In colloquial speech get is sometimes used instead of be: The eggs got (= were) broken. You 'II get (= be) sacked if you take any more time off.

С Note that in theory a sentence containing a direct and an indirect object, such as

Someone gave her a bulldog, could have two passive forms:

She was given a bulldog.

A bulldog was given to her.

The first of these is much the more usual, i.e. the indirect object usually becomes the subject of the passive verb.

D Questions about the identity of the subject of an active verb are usually expressed by an affirmative

What delayed you? Which team won?

Questions about the subject of a passive verb are also expressed by an affirmative:

Something was done. ~ What was done?

One of them was sold. ~ Which of them was sold?

Interrogative verbs in active questions about the object become affirmative verbs in passive questions:

Active What did they steal? (interrogative)

Passive What was stolen? (affirmative)

Conversely, affirmative verbs in active questions become interrogative verbs in passive questions:

Active Who painted it? (affirmative)

Passive Who was it painted by? (interrogative)

Other types of question require interrogative verbs in both active and passive:

Active When/ Where j Why did he paint it?

Passive When/ Where/ Why was it painted?

III. Uses of the passive The passive is used:

A When it is not necessary to mention the doer of the action as it is obvious who he is/was/will be:

The rubbish hasn 't been collected.

The streets are swept every day.

Your hand will be X-rayed.

В When we don't know, or don't know exactly, or have forgotten who did the action:

The minister was murdered.

My car has been moved!

You'll be met at the station.

I've been told that. . .

С When the subject of the active verb would be 'people':

He is suspected of receiving stolen goods. (People suspect him of . . .)

They are supposed to be living in New York. (People suppose that they are living . . .)

D When the subject of the active sentence would be the indefinite pronoun one: One sees this sort of advertisement everywhere would usually be expressed:

This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere.

In colloquial speech we can use the indefinite pronoun you and an active verb:

You see this sort of advertisement everywhere.

But more formal English requires one + active verb or the more usual passive form.

E When we are more interested in the action than the person who does it:

The house next door has been bought (by a Mr Jones).

If, however, we know Mr Jones, we would use the active:

Your father's friend, Mr Jones, has bought the house next door. Similarly:

A new public library is being built (by our local council)

Though in more informal English we could use the indefinite pronoun they and an active verb:

They are building a new public library while a member of the Council will of course say:

We are/The council is building etc.

F The passive may be used to avoid an awkward or ungrammatical sentence. This is usually done by avoiding a change of subject:

"When he arrived home a detective arrested him" would be better expressed: When he arrived home he was arrested (by a detective ).

"When their mother was ill neighbours looked after the children" would be better expressed: When their mother was ill the children were looked after by neighbours.

G The passive is sometimes preferred for psychological reasons. A speaker may use it to disclaim responsibility for disagreeable

announcements:

EMPLOYER: Overtime rates are being reduced/will have to be reduced.

The active will, of course, be used for agreeable announcements: lam/We are going to increase overtime rates.

The speaker may know who performed the action but wish to avoid giving the name.

Tom, who suspects Bill of opening his letters, may say tactfully to Bill: This letter has been opened! instead of You 've opened this letter!

H have + object + past participle construction

/ had the car resprayed

IV. Prepositions with passive verbs

A As already noted, the agent, when mentioned, is preceded by by:

Active Dufy painted this picture.

Passive This picture was painted by Dufy.

Active What makes these holes?

Passive What are these holes made by?

Note, however, that the passive form of such sentences as:

Smoke filled the room. Paint covered the lock.

will be:

The room was filled with smoke. The lock was covered with paint.

We are dealing here with materials used, not with the agents.

В When a verb + preposition + object combination is put into the passive, the preposition will remain immediately after the verb:

Active We must write to him.

Passive He must be written to.

Active You can play with these cubs quite safely.

Passive These cubs can be played with quite safely.

Similarly with verb + preposition/adverb combinations:

Active They threw away the old newspapers.

Passive The old newspapers were thrown away.

Active He looked after the children well.

Passive The children were well looked after.

V. Infinitive constructions after passive verbs

A After acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, feel, find, know, presume, report, say, think, understand etc. :

Sentences of the type "People consider/know/think etc. that he is . . ." have two possible passive forms:

It is considered/known/thought etc. that he is . . .

He is considered/known/thought etc. to be . . .

Similarly:

People said that he was jealous of her = It was said that he was or He was said to be jealous of her.

The infinitive construction is the neater of the two. It is chiefly used with to be though other infinitives can sometimes be used:

He is thought to have information which will be useful to the police.

When the thought concerns a previous action we use the perfect infinitive so that:

People believed that he was = It was believed that he was or He was believed to be . . .

People know that he was = It is known that he was or He is known to have been . . .

This construction can be used with the perfect infinitive of any verb.

В After suppose

1- suppose in the passive can be followed by the present infinitive of any verb but this construction usually conveys an idea of duty and is not therefore the normal equivalent of suppose in the active:

You are supposed to know how to drive = It is your duty to know/You should know how to drive

though He is supposed to be in Paris could mean either 'He ought to be

there' or 'People suppose he is there'.

2- suppose in the passive can similarly be followed by the perfect infinitive of any verb. This construction may convey an idea of duty but very often does not:

You are supposed to have finished = You should have finished

but

He is supposed to have escaped disguised as a woman = People suppose that he escaped etc.

С Infinitives placed after passive verbs are normally full infinitives:

Active We saw them go out. He made us work.

Passive They were seen to go out. We were made to work.

let, however, is used without to:

Active They let us go.

Passive We were let go.

D The continuous infinitive can be used after the passive of believe, know, report, say, suppose, think, understand:

He is believed/known/said/supposed/thought to be living abroad = People believe/know/say/suppose/think that he is living abroad.

You are supposed to be working = You should be working.

The perfect form of the continuous infinitive is also possible:

He is believed to have been waiting for a message = People believed that he was waiting for a message.

You are supposed to have been working = You should have been working.
 
H

hoangukraine

CAM ON NHE CONG THUC HAY LAM. Cac cau cu post tiep di de cho tui to con hoc
 
H

hoangukraine

cach chia cau thu dong:
Present simple
tobe+PAST PARTICIPLE
Present Continuous
tobe+being+PAST PARTICIPLE
Present Perfect
have/has been + PAST PARTICIPLE
Past Simple
was/were+PAST PARTICIPLE
Past Continuous
was/were being+PAST PARTICIPLE
Past Perfect
had been+PAST PARTICIPLE
Future simple
Shall/will be+PAST PARTICIPLE
Future Perfect
Shall/will have been+PAST PARTICIPLE
 
Top Bottom