Ngoại ngữ [Tài liệu ôn thi 9] Viết lại câu

Kagome811

Banned
Banned
28 Tháng hai 2017
670
1,763
271
21
Hải Dương
th
[TẶNG BẠN] TRỌN BỘ Bí kíp học tốt 08 môn
Chắc suất Đại học top - Giữ chỗ ngay!!

ĐĂNG BÀI NGAY để cùng trao đổi với các thành viên siêu nhiệt tình & dễ thương trên diễn đàn.

Đây là các dạng bài tập viết lại câu cơ bản sẽ có trong các đề thi. 2k2 cùng luyện nhé! :D:D:D
1, Has someone booked the seats yet?
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] Have ............... ?
2, I said to Mrs. Hoa "What sports do you play?"
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] I asked Mrs. Hoa ............................
3, What a pity I can't speak English.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] I wish I ..................
4, I don't know the answer, so I can't tell you.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] If I ..........
5, Susan is excited about going to Spain on holiday.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] Susan is looking ..............
1, "How old are your parents?" he said to me.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] He asked me ...........
2, It's fifteen years since I started learning English.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] I have ............
3, "Why don't we go out for a while?"
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] He suggested .................
4, Oil was slowly covering the sand of the beach.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] The sand .............
5, We like ice cream but we don't have it every day.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] Although ................
1, I'm sorry, I can't help you.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] I wish ................
2, The last time I saw my grandparents was two years ago.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] I haven't .............
3, Thay cancelled all flights because of fog.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] All fights ..............
4, "Why don't you complain to the company?" Peter said William
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] William suggested ...........
5, They live in a very lovely house.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] The house ................
*Mai mk đăng tiếp nhé@ giờ phải đi học òi :)* Ăn tối vv
Sửa lỗi sai
Trắc nghiệm
 
Last edited:
  • Like
Reactions: kingsman(lht 2k2)

joon_young#1

Học sinh tiến bộ
Thành viên
23 Tháng hai 2017
639
894
254
20
Nam Định
THPT Lê Quý Đôn
1, Has someone booked the seats yet?
png.latex
Have the seats been booked yet?
2, I said to Mrs. Hoa "What sports do you play?"
png.latex
I asked Mrs. Hoa what sports she played
3, What a pity I can't speak English.
png.latex
I wish I could speak English
4, I don't know the answer, so I can't tell you.
png.latex
If I knew the answer, I would tell you
5, Susan is excited about going to Spain on holiday.
png.latex
Susan is looking forward to going to Spain on holiday
1, "How old are your parents?" he said to me.
png.latex
He asked me how old my parents were
2, It's fifteen years since I started learning English.
png.latex
I have learnt E for fifteen years
3, "Why don't we go out for a while?"
png.latex
He suggested going out for a while
4, Oil was slowly covering the sand of the beach.
png.latex
The sand of the beach was slowly being covered by oil
 
Last edited:

young01

Cựu Mod Tiếng Anh
Thành viên
28 Tháng hai 2017
495
677
216
1. Have the seats been booked yet?
2. I asked Mrs.Hoa what sports she played
3. I wish I could speak English
4. If I knew the answer, I would tell you
5. Susan is looking forward to going Spain on holiday
 
  • Like
Reactions: Kagome811

kingsman(lht 2k2)

Mùa hè Hóa học|Ngày hè tuyệt diệu
Thành viên
TV BQT tích cực 2017
Đây là các dạng bài tập viết lại câu cơ bản sẽ có trong các đề thi. 2k2 cùng luyện nhé! :D:D:D
1, Has someone booked the seats yet?
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] Have ............... ?
2, I said to Mrs. Hoa "What sports do you play?"
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] I asked Mrs. Hoa ............................
3, What a pity I can't speak English.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] I wish I ..................
4, I don't know the answer, so I can't tell you.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] If I ..........
5, Susan is excited about going to Spain on holiday.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] Susan is looking ..............
1, "How old are your parents?" he said to me.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] He asked me ...........
2, It's fifteen years since I started learning English.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] I have ............
3, "Why don't we go out for a while?"
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] He suggested .................
4, Oil was slowly covering the sand of the beach.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] The sand .............
5,
cho mình vài câu make sentence với bạn
 
  • Like
Reactions: Kagome811

Diễm Quỳnh

Học sinh
Thành viên
8 Tháng tư 2017
51
14
36
23
Đây là các dạng bài tập viết lại câu cơ bản sẽ có trong các đề thi. 2k2 cùng luyện nhé! :D:D:D
1, Has someone booked the seats yet?
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] Have .the seats been booked yet ?
2, I said to Mrs. Hoa "What sports do you play?"
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] I asked Mrs. Hoa what sports she played
3, What a pity I can't speak English.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] I wish I could speak E
4, I don't know the answer, so I can't tell you.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] If I knew the answer, i could tell you
5, Susan is excited about going to Spain on holiday.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] Susan is looking forward to going to Spain on holiday.
1, "How old are your parents?" he said to me.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] He asked me how old my parents were.
2, It's fifteen years since I started learning English.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] I have learned E for fifteen years
3, "Why don't we go out for a while?"
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] He suggested going out for a while.
4, Oil was slowly covering the sand of the beach.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] The sand of the beach was slowly being covered by oil.
5, We like ice cream but we don't have it every day.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] Although we don't have ice cream every day, we like it
1, I'm sorry, I can't help you.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] I wish i could held you
2, The last time I saw my grandparents was two years ago.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] I haven't seen my grandparents for two years
3, Thay cancelled all flights because of fog.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] All fights were cancelled because of fog
4, "Why don't you complain to the company?" Peter said William
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] William suggested Peter complain to the company
5, They live in a very lovely house.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] The house which they live is very lovely.
*Mai mk đăng tiếp nhé@ giờ phải đi học òi :)* Ăn tối vv
Sửa lỗi sai
Trắc nghiệm
rồi nhá:p:p:p sai thôi nge
 

Tuấn Nguyễn Nguyễn

Học sinh chăm học
Thành viên
7 Tháng tư 2017
449
256
96
22
Hà Nam
THPT
Đây là các dạng bài tập viết lại câu cơ bản sẽ có trong các đề thi. 2k2 cùng luyện nhé! :D:D:D
1, Has someone booked the seats yet?
png.latex
Have ............... ?
2, I said to Mrs. Hoa "What sports do you play?"
png.latex
I asked Mrs. Hoa ............................
3, What a pity I can't speak English.
png.latex
I wish I ..................
4, I don't know the answer, so I can't tell you.
png.latex
If I ..........
5, Susan is excited about going to Spain on holiday.
png.latex
Susan is looking ..............
1, "How old are your parents?" he said to me.
png.latex
He asked me ...........
2, It's fifteen years since I started learning English.
png.latex
I have ............
3, "Why don't we go out for a while?"
png.latex
He suggested .................
4, Oil was slowly covering the sand of the beach.
png.latex
The sand .............
5, We like ice cream but we don't have it every day.
png.latex
Although ................
1, I'm sorry, I can't help you.
png.latex
I wish ................
2, The last time I saw my grandparents was two years ago.
png.latex
I haven't .............
3, Thay cancelled all flights because of fog.
png.latex
All fights ..............
4, "Why don't you complain to the company?" Peter said William
png.latex
William suggested ...........
5, They live in a very lovely house.
png.latex
The house ................
*Mai mk đăng tiếp nhé@ giờ phải đi học òi :)* Ăn tối vv
Sửa lỗi sai
Trắc nghiệm
1, Has someone booked the seats yet?
=> Have the seats been booked yet ?
2, I said to Mrs. Hoa "What sports do you play?"
=> I asked Mrs. Hoa What sports she played
3, What a pity I can't speak English.
=> I wish I could speak E
4, I don't know the answer, so I can't tell you.
=> If I knew the answer, I could tell you
5, Susan is excited about going to Spain on holiday.
=> Susan is looking forward to going to Spain on holiday.
1, "How old are your parents?" he said to me.
png.latex
He asked me how old my parents were.
2, It's fifteen years since I started learning English.
png.latex
I have learnt E for fifteen years.
3, "Why don't we go out for a while?"
png.latex
He suggested going out for a while.
4, Oil was slowly covering the sand of the beach.
png.latex
The sand of the beach was being slowly covered by oil.
5, We like ice cream but we don't have it every day.
png.latex
Although we like ice cream, we don't have it every day.
1, I'm sorry, I can't help you.
png.latex
I wish I could help you.
2, The last time I saw my grandparents was two years ago.
png.latex
I haven't seen my grandparents for two years.
3, Thay cancelled all flights because of fog.
png.latex
All fights were cancelled because of fog.
4, "Why don't you complain to the company?" Peter said William
png.latex
William suggested that Peter should complain to the company
5, They live in a very lovely house.
png.latex
The house where they live is very lovely
 
Last edited:
  • Like
Reactions: Kagome811

Kagome811

Banned
Banned
28 Tháng hai 2017
670
1,763
271
21
Hải Dương
th
@Diễm Quỳnh + @Tuấn Nguyễn Nguyễn
2, The last time I saw my grandparents was two years ago.
png.latex
I haven't seen my grandparents was for two years.
2 bạn thiếu "was"
Câu 4 bài 3 @Diễm Quỳnh xem của bạn @Tuấn Nguyễn Nguyễn nhé.
S + suggested + that + S + should + V + ...
( Nếu câu hỏi có "Why don't you" thì dùng công thức này)
-> Gợi ý ai nên làm j
S + suggested + V- ing +...
(Nếu câu hỏi có "Why don't we")
-> Gợi ý làm j
 
Last edited:

joon_young#1

Học sinh tiến bộ
Thành viên
23 Tháng hai 2017
639
894
254
20
Nam Định
THPT Lê Quý Đôn
Dùng would hay could đều được mà chị. Chỉ là "could" được dùng với hành động có khả năng xảy ra cao hơn "would", nhưng "Would" được dùng phổ biến hơn "Could"
S + last + V_ed + time ago: Lần cuối cùng làm gì
=> S + have/ has +not+ for + time
=> It’s + time+ since + S + last + Ved.
=> The last time + S + V ed+ was + time ago.
Eg: I last saw John four years ago
=> I haven't saw John for four years
=> It's four years since I last saw John
=>The last time I saw John was four years ago
 

Tuấn Nguyễn Nguyễn

Học sinh chăm học
Thành viên
7 Tháng tư 2017
449
256
96
22
Hà Nam
THPT
Dùng would hay could đều được mà chị. Chỉ là "could" được dùng với hành động có khả năng xảy ra cao hơn "would", nhưng "Would" được dùng phổ biến hơn "Could"
4. If I knew the answer, I would tell you
4, I don't know the answer, so I can't tell you.
png.latex
If I knew the answer, I would tell you
-Câu trên là phủ định dùng can't thì viết lại phải dùng khẳng định " could"
-Nếu câu trên ko có can hoặc can't thì câu viết lại sẽ dùng would hoặc could ( dành cho cả phủ định)
* Tuy nhiên dùng would sẽ phổ biến hơn
 
  • Like
Reactions: Kagome811

joon_young#1

Học sinh tiến bộ
Thành viên
23 Tháng hai 2017
639
894
254
20
Nam Định
THPT Lê Quý Đôn
-Câu trên là phủ định dùng can't thì viết lại phải dùng khẳng định " could"
-Nếu câu trên ko có can hoặc can't thì câu viết lại sẽ dùng would hoặc could ( dành cho cả phủ định)
* Tuy nhiên dùng would sẽ phổ biến hơn
Trong đây "can" hay "can't" đều không hề liên quan đến câu viết lại. Do mình nhầm lẫn, thực tế would chỉ khả năng xảy ra cao hơn so với could, và would phổ biến hơn. Ví dụ nè
She doesn't have a camera, so she can't take any photos
If she had a camera, she could/woud take some photos.
Viết lại: Nếu cô ấy có 1 cái máy ảnh, cô ấy có thể/sẽ chụp một số bức hình
Nếu dùng would tức là chỉ cần cô ấy có máy ảnh, cô ấy sẽ chụp được vài bức hình; còn could thì là: nếu cô ấy có 1 cái máy ảnh, cô ấy có thể chụp được 1 số bức nhưng chỉ là có thể thôi, chưa chắc cô ý đã chụp được bức nào
+Như vậy, theo câu trên "I don't know the answer, so I can't tell you." thì bạn sẽ chon "would" - tôi sẽ giúp, hay "could" - tôi có thể giúp được ?
:)
 
  • Like
Reactions: Kagome811

Diễm Quỳnh

Học sinh
Thành viên
8 Tháng tư 2017
51
14
36
23
@Diễm Quỳnh + @Tuấn Nguyễn Nguyễn

2 bạn thiếu "was"
Câu 4 bài 3 @Diễm Quỳnh xem của bạn @Tuấn Nguyễn Nguyễn nhé.
S + suggested + that + S + should + V + ...
( Nếu câu hỏi có "Why don't you" thì dùng công thức này)
-> Gợi ý ai nên làm j
S + suggested + V- ing +...
(Nếu câu hỏi có "Why don't we")
-> Gợi ý làm j
đã có "have" sao còn có "was" nz z. Trong câu có tới 2 động từ ak?. Ở trường mình làm z là đúng cơ mà
 
  • Like
Reactions: Kagome811

Tuấn Nguyễn Nguyễn

Học sinh chăm học
Thành viên
7 Tháng tư 2017
449
256
96
22
Hà Nam
THPT
Trong đây "can" hay "can't" đều không hề liên quan đến câu viết lại. Do mình nhầm lẫn, thực tế would chỉ khả năng xảy ra cao hơn so với could, và would phổ biến hơn. Ví dụ nè
She doesn't have a camera, so she can't take any photos
If she had a camera, she could/woud take some photos.
Viết lại: Nếu cô ấy có 1 cái máy ảnh, cô ấy có thể/sẽ chụp một số bức hình
Nếu dùng would tức là chỉ cần cô ấy có máy ảnh, cô ấy sẽ chụp được vài bức hình; còn could thì là: nếu cô ấy có 1 cái máy ảnh, cô ấy có thể chụp được 1 số bức nhưng chỉ là có thể thôi, chưa chắc cô ý đã chụp được bức nào
+Như vậy, theo câu trên "I don't know the answer, so I can't tell you." thì bạn sẽ chon "would" - tôi sẽ giúp, hay "could" - tôi có thể giúp được ?
:)
Câu "I don't know the answer, so I can't tell you" có can't
=> Khi bạn viết lại thành câu điều kiện loại II thì phải đối nghịch với can't nên là could
*** Cô mk dạy thế ă
 

Tuấn Nguyễn Nguyễn

Học sinh chăm học
Thành viên
7 Tháng tư 2017
449
256
96
22
Hà Nam
THPT
Mọi người viết lại vài câu bị động nhé:
1. Mary types letters in the office.

2. His father will help you tomorrow.

3. Science and technology have completely changed human life.

4. Peter broke this bottle.

5. They are learning English in the room.
1. Do they teach English here?

2. Will you invite her to your wedding party?

3. Has Tom finished the work?

4. Did the teacher give some exercises?

5. Have they changed the window of the laboratory?
1. Why didn’t they help him?

2. How many games has the team played?

3. Where do people speak English?

4. Who are they keeping in the kitchen?

5. How can they open this safe?
1. They paid me a lot of money to do the job.

2. The teacher gave each of us two exercise books.

3. Someone will tell him that news.

4. They have sent enough money to those poor boys.

5. They have given the women in most countries in the world the right to vote.
1. They think that he has died a natural death.

2. Some people believe that 13 is an unlucky number.

3. They say that John is the brightest student in class.

4. They reported that the President had suffered a heart attack.

5. I knew that they had told him of the meeting.
*** Mỗi Bài là 1 dạng để các bạn ôn luyện nhé ***
 

Vô Vị

Học sinh chăm học
Thành viên
28 Tháng hai 2017
39
113
96
1. Mary types letters in the office.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] Letters are typed in the office by Mary.
2. His father will help you tomorrow.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] You will be helped tomorrow by his father.
3. Science and technology have completely changed human life.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] Human life has been completely changed by science and technology.
4. Peter broke this bottle.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] This bottle was broken by Peter.
5. They are learning English in the room.
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] E is being learnt in the room.
1. Do they teach English here?
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] Is E taught here?
2. Will you invite her to your wedding party?
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] Will her be invited to your wedding party?
3. Has Tom finished the work?
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] Has the work finished by Tom?
4. Did the teacher give some exercises?
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] Was some exercises given by the teacher?
5. Have they changed the window of the laboratory?
[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] Has the window of the laboratory changed?
Mai làm tiếp
 
Last edited:
  • Like
Reactions: Kagome811

Tuấn Nguyễn Nguyễn

Học sinh chăm học
Thành viên
7 Tháng tư 2017
449
256
96
22
Hà Nam
THPT
1. Mary types letters in the office.
png.latex
Letters are typed in the office by Mary.

2. His father will help you tomorrow.
png.latex
You will be helped tomorrow by his father.

3. Science and technology have completely changed human life.
png.latex
Human life has been completely changed by science and technology.

4. Peter broke this bottle.
png.latex
This bottle was broken by Peter.

5. They are learning English in the room.
png.latex
E is being learnt in the room.
1. Do they teach English here?
png.latex
Is E taught here?

2. Will you invite her to your wedding party?
png.latex
Will her be invited to your wedding party?

3. Has Tom finished the work?
png.latex
Has the work finished by Tom?

4. Did the teacher give some exercises?
png.latex
Was some exercises given by the teacher?

5. Have they changed the window of the laboratory?
png.latex
Has the window of the laboratory changed?
Mai làm tiếp
Bạn làm đúng 5/10 nhé..Xem lại C2 bài 1, C2,3,4,5 bài 2 nhé
2. His father will help you tomorrow.
png.latex
You will be helped tomorrow by his father. (
You will be helped by his father tomorrow)
*
Thời gian luôn đứng cuối câu *
2. Will you invite her to your wedding party?
png.latex
Will her be invited to your wedding party? (
Will she be invited to your wedding party?)
3. Has Tom finished the work?
png.latex
Has the work finished by Tom? (
Has the work been finished by Tom?)
4. Did the teacher give some exercises?
png.latex
Was some exercises given by the teacher? ( Were
some exercises given by the teacher?)
5. Have they changed the window of the laboratory?
png.latex
Has the window of the laboratory changed? (
Has the window of the laboratory been changed?)
 

Nữ Thần Mặt Trăng

Cựu Mod Toán
Thành viên
TV BQT tích cực 2017
28 Tháng hai 2017
4,472
5,490
779
Hà Nội
THPT Đồng Quan
Mọi người viết lại vài câu bị động nhé:
1. Mary types letters in the office.

2. His father will help you tomorrow.

3. Science and technology have completely changed human life.

4. Peter broke this bottle.

5. They are learning English in the room.
1. Do they teach English here?

2. Will you invite her to your wedding party?

3. Has Tom finished the work?

4. Did the teacher give some exercises?

5. Have they changed the window of the laboratory?
1. Why didn’t they help him?

2. How many games has the team played?

3. Where do people speak English?

4. Who are they keeping in the kitchen?

5. How can they open this safe?
1. They paid me a lot of money to do the job.

2. The teacher gave each of us two exercise books.

3. Someone will tell him that news.

4. They have sent enough money to those poor boys.

5. They have given the women in most countries in the world the right to vote.
1. They think that he has died a natural death.

2. Some people believe that 13 is an unlucky number.

3. They say that John is the brightest student in class.

4. They reported that the President had suffered a heart attack.

5. I knew that they had told him of the meeting.
*** Mỗi Bài là 1 dạng để các bạn ôn luyện nhé ***
1. Mary types letters in the office.
→ Letters are typed in the office by Mary.
2. His father will help you tomorrow.
→ You will be helped by his father tomorrow.
3. Science and technology have completely changed human life.
→ Human life has been completely changed by science and technology.
4. Peter broke this bottle.
→ This bottle was broken by Peter.
5. They are learning English in the room.
→ English is being learnt in the room.
1. Do they teach English here?
Is English taught here?
2. Will you invite her to your wedding party?
→ Will she be invited to your wedding party?
3. Has Tom finished the work?
→ Has the work been finished by Tom?
4. Did the teacher give some exercises?
Were some exercises given by the teacher?
5. Have they changed the window of the laboratory?
→ Has the window of the laboratory been changed?
1. Why didn’t they help him?
→ Why wasn’t he helped?
2. How many games has the team played?
→ How many games have been played by the team?
3. Where do people speak English?
→ Where is English spoken?
4. Who are they keeping in the kitchen?
→ Who are being kept in the kitchen?
5. How can they open this safe?
→ How can this safe be opened?
1. They paid me a lot of money to do the job.
→ I was paid a lot of money to do the job.
2. The teacher gave each of us two exercise books.
→ Each of us was given two exercise books by the teacher.
3. Someone will tell him that news.
→He will be told that news.
4. They have sent enough money to those poor boys.
→ Those poor boys have been sent enough money.
5. They have given the women in most countries in the world the right to vote.
→ The women in most countries in the world have been given the right to vote.
1. They think that he has died a natural death.
→ He is thought to have died a natural death.
2. Some people believe that 13 is an unlucky number.
→ 13 is believed to be an unlucky number.
3. They say that John is the brightest student in class.
→ John is said to be the brightest student in class.
4. They reported that the President had suffered a heart attack.
→ The President was reported to have suffered a heart attack.
5. I knew that they had told him of the meeting.
→They were known to have told him of the meeting.
 

joon_young#1

Học sinh tiến bộ
Thành viên
23 Tháng hai 2017
639
894
254
20
Nam Định
THPT Lê Quý Đôn
Cho mình đóng góp nha :)
1. Her life has been completely changed after winning the lottery

2. I remembered Hoa offering me a bunch of beautiful flowers

3. I hate when people call me "Nerd"!

4. Joe invited me to go to his birthday party.
1. Don’t touch that button!

2. They stole her money

3. It's essential to save natural sources

4. It's your duty to clean the dishes

5. There is a lot of homework to do now
 

Nữ Thần Mặt Trăng

Cựu Mod Toán
Thành viên
TV BQT tích cực 2017
28 Tháng hai 2017
4,472
5,490
779
Hà Nội
THPT Đồng Quan
Cho mình đóng góp nha :)
1. Her life has been completely changed after winning the lottery

2. I remembered Hoa offering me a bunch of beautiful flowers

3. I hate when people call me "Nerd"!

4. Joe invited me to go to his birthday party.
1. Don’t touch that button!

2. They stole her money

3. It's essential to save natural sources

4. It's your duty to clean the dishes

5. There is a lot of homework to do now
1. Her life has been completely changed after winning the lottery
→ Câu này là câu bị động rồi mà
2. I remembered Hoa offering me a bunch of beautiful flowers
→ I remembered being offered a bunch of beautiful flowers by Hoa.
3. I hate when people call me "Nerd"!
→ I hate being called "Nerd"
4. Joe invited me to go to his birthday party.
→ I was invited to go to Joe's birthday party.
1. Don’t touch that button!
→ This button mustn't be touched./ Don't let that button be touched!
2. They stole her money
→ Her money was stolen.
3. It's essential to save natural sources
→ Natural sources must be saved
4. It's your duty to clean the dishes
→ You are supposed to clean the dishes
5. There is a lot of homework to do now
→ There is a lot of homework to be done now
 
  • Like
Reactions: joon_young#1
Top Bottom