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There are regulatory requirements which restrict bank or mobile network providers to provide innovative products for mobile money transfers (GSMA,2009). For example ,the Financial Intelligence Centre Act (FICA) requires banks to verify the identities and residential addresses of customers opening a bank account, in order to reduce financial related crimes such as money laundering and fraud (FICA,2002). Hence, mobile money services such as M-PESA and WIZZIT can only be implemented when the network service provider is in partnership with a bank. To better understand the status of mobile banking in SA, example of initiatives by various mobile banking service provides in particular banks are highlighted in the next subsections.
M-PESA Money Transfer (Nedbank Cellphone Banking)
M-PESA is a money transfer service which was first introduced in Kenya in March 2007 by Safaricom in partnership with Vodafone (Safaricom, 2007). The M-PESA service enables users to deposit, withdraw and transfer money using a mobile phone at M-PESA
agents countrywide (Safaricom,2007). The M-PESA application is installed on the SIM card and works on all makes of handsets. M-PESA is widely used in Kenya and Tanzania (Camner & Sjoblom,2009), it is free to register and the user does not need to have a bank account (Safaricom,2007)
In August 2010, Nedbank and Vodacom officially launched M-PESA money transfer in South Afica (Nedbank, 2010a). M-PESA is based on the Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) technology; it is currently available for Vodacom subscribers (Vodacom SIM card holders and ported SIM cards) (Nedbank, 2010b). The registered M-PESA user does not need to have a bank account, there are no monthly fees and no minimum balance is required (Nedbank, 2010b).
WIZZT Cellphone Banking
Another example is the initiative by WIZZT Bank, a division of the South African Bank of Athens, where a WIZZT cellphone banking system was launched in November 2004 in an attempt to provide solutions to the previously ‘unbanked’ society in SA (WIZZT, 2005). WIZZT uses the ‘pay-as-you-go’ model, i.e users pay per transaction (20 per 20 second on MTN and Vodacom) and there are no monthly fees (WIZZT, 2005).
Standard Bank Cellphone Banking
Standard Bank, in conjunction with MTN, implemented the MTN banking, a mobile money service which was based on WIG which the client needed to install on their SIM card (Standard Bank, 2005). The use of cellphone banking enables the bank, as part of self-service banking, to provide convenient, safe and cost effective service to their customers (Standard Bank, 2010). The cellphone banking services are implemented using two options;the WAP-based option and a new cellphone banking option which works on any type of phone (Standard Bank, 2010). To use Stardard Bank’s cellphone banking, the user needs to have an account with the bank.
ABSA Cellphone Banking
ABSA have implemented two cellphone banking options; WAP-based (Internet via a cellphone) and Wireless Internet Gateway (WIG) based, which is enabled through secure SMSes (ABSA, 2010). With the WIG cellphone banking, the banking menu is downloaded to the SIM card, which allows for a convenient selection of transaction and the secure transmission of encrypted information between the cellphone and the bank (ABSA, 2010). The ABSA WIG cellphone Banking is currently available for Vodacom and MTN subscribers.
FNB Cellphone Banking
FNB have implemented cellphone banking based on the WAP and USSD technology available to all FNB account holders. In addition, FBN has introduced eWallet, which is a money transfer service (FNB,2010a); as well as Pay Wallet which enables FNB Corporate,Commercial and Public Sector clients to electronically pay their unbanked recipients directly to their cellphones (FNB, 2010b). This allows the recipientsto have immediate access to their funds at any full service FNB ATM without the need of a bank card.
From the above example we can see that several mobile banking solutions exist in SA. The penetrantion of these products into the lower income segments is, however, limited. A clearer understanding of the factors which would enhance adoption would be beneficial in order to build scale in the mobile financial services sector.
M-PESA Money Transfer (Nedbank Cellphone Banking)
M-PESA is a money transfer service which was first introduced in Kenya in March 2007 by Safaricom in partnership with Vodafone (Safaricom, 2007). The M-PESA service enables users to deposit, withdraw and transfer money using a mobile phone at M-PESA
agents countrywide (Safaricom,2007). The M-PESA application is installed on the SIM card and works on all makes of handsets. M-PESA is widely used in Kenya and Tanzania (Camner & Sjoblom,2009), it is free to register and the user does not need to have a bank account (Safaricom,2007)
In August 2010, Nedbank and Vodacom officially launched M-PESA money transfer in South Afica (Nedbank, 2010a). M-PESA is based on the Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) technology; it is currently available for Vodacom subscribers (Vodacom SIM card holders and ported SIM cards) (Nedbank, 2010b). The registered M-PESA user does not need to have a bank account, there are no monthly fees and no minimum balance is required (Nedbank, 2010b).
WIZZT Cellphone Banking
Another example is the initiative by WIZZT Bank, a division of the South African Bank of Athens, where a WIZZT cellphone banking system was launched in November 2004 in an attempt to provide solutions to the previously ‘unbanked’ society in SA (WIZZT, 2005). WIZZT uses the ‘pay-as-you-go’ model, i.e users pay per transaction (20 per 20 second on MTN and Vodacom) and there are no monthly fees (WIZZT, 2005).
Standard Bank Cellphone Banking
Standard Bank, in conjunction with MTN, implemented the MTN banking, a mobile money service which was based on WIG which the client needed to install on their SIM card (Standard Bank, 2005). The use of cellphone banking enables the bank, as part of self-service banking, to provide convenient, safe and cost effective service to their customers (Standard Bank, 2010). The cellphone banking services are implemented using two options;the WAP-based option and a new cellphone banking option which works on any type of phone (Standard Bank, 2010). To use Stardard Bank’s cellphone banking, the user needs to have an account with the bank.
ABSA Cellphone Banking
ABSA have implemented two cellphone banking options; WAP-based (Internet via a cellphone) and Wireless Internet Gateway (WIG) based, which is enabled through secure SMSes (ABSA, 2010). With the WIG cellphone banking, the banking menu is downloaded to the SIM card, which allows for a convenient selection of transaction and the secure transmission of encrypted information between the cellphone and the bank (ABSA, 2010). The ABSA WIG cellphone Banking is currently available for Vodacom and MTN subscribers.
FNB Cellphone Banking
FNB have implemented cellphone banking based on the WAP and USSD technology available to all FNB account holders. In addition, FBN has introduced eWallet, which is a money transfer service (FNB,2010a); as well as Pay Wallet which enables FNB Corporate,Commercial and Public Sector clients to electronically pay their unbanked recipients directly to their cellphones (FNB, 2010b). This allows the recipientsto have immediate access to their funds at any full service FNB ATM without the need of a bank card.
From the above example we can see that several mobile banking solutions exist in SA. The penetrantion of these products into the lower income segments is, however, limited. A clearer understanding of the factors which would enhance adoption would be beneficial in order to build scale in the mobile financial services sector.